From the water inlet to resulting generation of power, the plant is divided into the subsystems. In kaplan and propeller shaft turbines axial flow runner is used where as in francis turbine radial flow runner in use. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. This operates in an entirely closed conduit to tailrace. Kaplan turbines require high discharge rate along with low or medium head270m. Since it is a reaction turbine, so the reaction force of leaving water is used to turn the runner of the kaplan turbine, as the water flows through the twisted blades a lift force is generated in the opposite direction of the leaving water and that lift force causes the blades to rotate main parts. Kaplan turbine is designed for low water head applications. Francis and kaplan turbines belong to this category. In the turbine machinery the energy conversion is indirect and always takes place through the change of kinetic energy of the fluid. Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner blades with less number of blades i.
The runner consists of a circular disc with a suitable number of double semiellipsoidal cups known as. In the overall assessment of a low head project, the application of bulbpit turbines results in higher annual energy and lower relative construction costs. The pelton wheel or pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for high heads of water. The design of this impulse water turbine is inspired from pelton turbine. Hydraulic turbines if the working fluid is incompressible, its enthalpy change in an adiabatic process depends on pressure change. Layout of kaplan turbine at jhang branch canal in punjab, pakistan. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water is available. The inlet is a scrollshaped tube that wraps around the turbines.
Load rejection transient process simulation of a kaplan turbine. Lab manual kaplan turbine engineering tutorials source. This feature leads to higher construction costs and. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study.
An introduction to hydropower concepts and planning. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. In axial flow turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a greatdevelopment of early 19thcentury. The performance of the tubular type kaplan turbine is analyzed at bep and at different part load. Each turbine blade at blue sky green field measures 4 feet. Kaplan turbines plant and the required maintenance plan that has to be adopted. Currently such types of turbines are installed and are working satisfactorily at some of the site in india. Kaplan turbine has propeller like blades but works just reverse. There are many different types of turbines, and proper selection requires considerable expertise. The approximate ranges of head, flow and power applicable to the different turbine types are summarised in the chart of figure 1 up to 500kw power. Pelton turbine is used in the hydroelectric power plant where the water available at high head i. Explain construction and working of pelton turbine answers. The two main types of reaction turbine are the propeller turbine with kaplan variant and the francis turbine.
Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. Impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working. The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. It consists of spiral casing, guide mechanism and draft tube of kaplan turbine runner are similar to those of francis turbine.
It is an axialflow turbine, which means that the flow direction does not change as it crosses the rotor. Without adding any extra structure and working fluid for swirl. In the turbine the fluid flows from the pressure penstock into the turbine machine and first flows through a cascade of guide vanes. Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages. The working principle of this turbine is same as other impulse water turbines. Hydraulic turbines are being used from very ancient times to harness the energy stored in flowing streams, rivers and lakes. The kaplan is of the propellertype, similar to an airplanepropeller. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge.
The main difference between the turgo and pelton turbine is the. The water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for effective rotation the blades in a hydropower station. Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. A pelton design, for example, works best with high head. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. Design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. Construction and working of pelton turbine youtube.
It is capable of working at low head and high flow rates very efficiently which is. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. Pumps, turbines, and pipe networks, part 2 ch 11 young. The present work compares simulations made using the openfoam cfd code with experimental measurements of the flow in the u9 kaplan turbine model. Kaplan type hydro turbine is introduced and discussed for its significant effect on expanding operating head range. In hydroelectric power plant it is used to drive the generator attached to it and the generator generates the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. In 19 kaplan designed a propeller turbine, named kaplan turbine. Instead of displacing the water axially using shaft power and creating axial thrust, the axial force of water acts on the blades of kaplan turbine and generating shaft power. Hydraulic structure, turbine, hydropower, retscreen, kaplan and propeller. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine.
Construction, working, operation and maintenance of fluid. Production and installation of large turbines of this type is very expensive, but they work reliably for a long time. Then enters the moving blades where its direction of flow is changed thus producing an impulse force on the moving blades. Nt where t is the torque in nm and n is the speed of rotation in revs diagram power. Hydropower turbines are in two types as impulse and reaction where kaplan turbine is a reaction type which was invented in 19. Introduction to francis turbine the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. Different parts and their functions of pelton turbine. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. Learn more about design, analysis, working principle and applications of pelton wheel turbine. Turgo turbine was developed gilkes energy company in 1919.
Likewise, other turbine types such as francis, turgo and kaplan, each have optimum applications. Verification of model calculations for the kaplan turbine. The kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high discharges. Modelling and analysis of a very low head kaplan turbine. With help of 3d animation working and design aspects of a kaplan turbine is elaborated in this video lecture.
The inlet guidevanes can be opened and closed to regulate the amount of flow that can pass through the turbine. As shown in above figure, power can be also transmitted from a motor a driver to a driven machine without direct operating principle using a pump, a turbine and associated piping. The steam expands first in the stationary or fixed blades where it gains some velocity as it drops in pressure. Pdf evaluation of tubular type kaplan turbine researchgate. Developing and constructing wind energy we energies. Classification of hydraulic turbines rmd 2501 hydraulic turbines are generally classified as impulseturbineimpulse turbine peltonturgoturbinepelton, turgo turbine reaction turbine francis, kaplan and propeller turbine based on flow direction, they are further classified as. So selection of type of runners is depends only on the type of turbines. Kaplan turbine it is an axial flow reaction turbine. The kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. A kaplan turbine is basically a propeller with adjustable blades inside a tube. Kaplan turbine is recommended for the small hydropower development of the river ethiope. Theory of kaplan turbine hydropower plant this section will give a brief presentation of the main components of a kaplan turbine hydropower plant. The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. Design of a kaplan turbine for a wide range of operating head.
Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Very simple kaplan turbine design durham university. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. Kaplan turbine with adjustable blades or a propeller turbine with adjustable guide vanes 32. Classification of turbines the low head kaplan turbine at the jhang branch canal in punjab, pakistan is a micro hydro power turbine. The turbine casing, with the runner fully immersed in water, must be strong enough to withstand the operating pressure. Kaplan turbine is a low headturbine and used for heads ofless than 80 meters. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. A crossflow design works better with low head but high flow. According to their construction, working and operating conditions following are the major differences in francis turbine and kaplan turbine. Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades. The reverse archimedes screw and the overshot waterwheel are both gravity turbines. Fourneyron designed a radial turbine and put to operation the first real turbine in 1827 power 20 30kw and.
Improved governing of kaplan turbine hydropower plants. Very simple kaplan turbine design grant ingram 30th january 2007 nomenclature b blade height g gravitational acceleration h head k loss coe. Most of the turbines developed earlier were suitable for large heads of water. Functions of spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, blade pitching and draft tube. Some features of the low head kaplan turbine are the following turbine runner diameter d 1. Different pumps work best in different specific speed ranges. The maintenance rules for the optimal working of these turbines are also emphasized. The choice of the constructive type of the turbine which equips a hydroelectric power plant is done.
714 1072 934 456 1133 1185 405 1348 927 180 1268 746 395 303 658 1380 1254 452 538 795 903 1093 817 1056 5 165 928